Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses

Background

Training of Standardbred race horses aims to improve cardiovascular and metabolic functions but studies on the effects of different training strategies from breaking till racing are lacking. Sixteen horses with the goal to race as 3-year-olds were studied from breaking (1-year-olds) to December as 3-year-olds. Horses were allocated to either a control (C) or reduced (R) training program from 2 years of age. The aim was to evaluate the effect of reducing the distance of high intensity exercise by 30% with respect to velocity at lactate concentration 4 mmol/l (V_La4), blood lactate and cardiovascular response. All training sessions were documented and heart rate (HR) was recorded. A standardized exercise test of 1,600 m was performed 10 times and a V_La4 test was performed five times.

Results

C horses initially exercised for a longer time with a HR >180 beats per minute compared to R horses (P < 0.05) but after 6–9 months, time with HR >180 bpm decreased in C and were similar in the two groups (P > 0.05). Over the 2-year period, recovery HR after the 1,600 m-test decreased in both groups but was within 2 months lower in C than in R (P < 0.05). C horses also had lower resting HR as 3-year-olds (P < 0.01) than R horses. In C, post exercise hematocrit was higher than in R (P < 0.05). There was a tendency (P < 0.1) towards a larger aortic diameter in C as 3-year-olds (C: 1.75 ± 0.05, R: 1.70 ± 0.05 cm/100 kg BW). Left ventricle diameter and blood volume (in December as 2-year-olds) did not differ between groups. There were no differences between groups in post exercise blood lactate concentration or in V_La4. Both groups were equally successful in reaching the goal of participation in races.

Conclusions

Horses subjected to a reduced distance of high intensity training from the age of 2 showed an attenuated heart rate response, but were able to maintain the same V_La4 and race participation as horses subjected to longer training distances.     

胺鲜酯(DA-6)浸种对盐胁迫下白三叶种子萌发及抗盐性的影响

以白三叶(Trifolium repens L.‘Haifa’)为研究对象,研究了0.8 mmol·L^-1胺鲜酯(DA-6)浸种处理对白三叶种子在盐胁迫条件下萌发的影响,并对DA-6诱导的耐盐机理进行初步研究,为白三叶的栽培管理提供参考。结果表明,DA-6浸种显著提高了盐胁迫下种子的发芽势、发芽率、活力指数、发芽指数、茎长和鲜干重(P<0.05)。盐胁迫显著诱导了游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累,降低了细胞渗透势(P<0.05)。此外,盐胁迫导致了萌发种子中活性氧(超氧阴离子和过氧化氢)和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量显著增加,电导率显著升高(P<0.05)。DA-6浸种前处理显著提高了胁迫下抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和APX)的活性,增幅分别为33.0%、31.9%和49.1%,这有效地缓解了由盐胁迫引起的氧化损伤,有利于幼苗稳定细胞膜(P<0.05)。本研究表明DA-6浸种处理通过增强抗氧化防御并降低细胞氧化伤害,从而提高盐胁迫下白三叶种子的萌发特性和胁迫耐受性。     

短期高温下6个品种甜樱桃幼苗耐热性比较

为对不同品种甜樱桃耐热性进行比较,以6个品种甜樱桃幼苗为试材,通过模拟高温,探究高温胁迫下其叶片生理、叶绿素荧光指标变化,结合相关性分析、主成分分析等对其耐热性综合评价,并通过逐步回归模型的建立筛选出甜樱桃耐热生理评价指标。结果表明,6个品种甜樱桃幼苗在高温胁迫后抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质等生理指标变化有所不同,叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ 最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)3个参数值均显著下降,除4号甜樱桃品种NPQ值显著升高外,其余品种NPQ 值均呈下降趋势。6个品种甜樱桃幼苗的耐热综合性排名为 ‘红蜜’＞‘桑提娜’＞‘早大果’＞‘雷尼’＞‘拉宾斯’＞‘布鲁克斯’,基于多元回归模型建立筛选出过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脯氨酸含量、Fv/Fo 4个指标可高效、准确地对甜樱桃耐热性进行评价。本研究为甜樱桃耐热性评价体系建立及耐热性品种选育提供参考,为今后南方地区甜樱桃耐高温品种（系）进一步育种工作奠定理论基础。     

Changes in the herbicide sensitivity and competitive ability of Abutilon theophrasti over 28 years: Implications for hormesis and weed evolution

BACKGROUND

The potential of weed species to respond to selection forces affecting the evolution of weedy traits such as competitive ability is poorly understood. This research characterized evolutionary growth changes in a single Abutilon theophrasti Medik. population comparing multiple generations collected from 1988 to 2016. A competition study was performed to understand changes in competitive ability, and a herbicide dose–response study was carried out to assess changes in sensitivity to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and glyphosate over time.

RESULTS

When grown in monoculture, A. theophrasti biomass production per plant increased steadily across year-lines while leaf number decreased. In replacement experiments, A. theophrasti plants from newer year-lines were more competitive and produced more biomass and leaf area than the oldest year-line. No clear differences in sensitivity to imazamox were observed among year-lines. However, starting in 1995, this A. theophrasti population exhibited a progressive increase in growth in response to a sublethal dose of glyphosate (52 g a.e. ha⁻¹), with the 2009 and 2016 year-lines having more than 50% higher biomass than the nontreated control.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that weeds can rapidly evolve increased competitive ability. Furthermore, the results indicate the possibility of changes in glyphosate hormesis over time. These results highlight the importance of the role that rapid (i.e., subdecadal) evolution of growth traits might have on the sustainability of weed management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

遮荫对早熟禾产量因子的影响

测定了草地早熟禾5个不同品种在不同遮荫处理下的单株成穗数、单穗粒数、千粒质量及产量。结果表明:遮荫条件下品种润草1号和09-2早熟禾单株成穗数、单穗粒数、千粒质量及产量性状均表现较为优良,表明润草1号和09-2是较耐荫的品种。其中,"润草1号"在遮光率77%时单株产量与其他品系差异显著,在遮光91%仍有少量抽穗。     

Challenges of thermal nociceptive threshold testing in the donkey

ObjectiveTo evaluate a thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT) testing device in the donkey, and the influence of potential confounding factors on TNTs.AnimalsTwo groups (Group 1 and Group 2) of eight castrated male donkeys aged 4–9 years, weighing 105–170 kg.MethodsTNTs were measured by heating a thermal probe on skin until an end-point behaviour (threshold temperature) or a cut-out temperature (51 °C) was reached. The withers and the dorsal aspect of the distal limb were used as sites for TNT testing. The effects on TNT of different confounding factors: the limb tested; rate of heating; and ambient temperature were evaluated. Data were analyzed using general linear models, and Mann-Whitney tests, p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsEnd-point behaviours (skin twitch or donkey looking at test device) when the thermal probe heated the withers were observed in approximately half of tests. TNT was (mean ± SD) 46.8 ± 2.85 °C. Subsequently the limb was evaluated as the test site in Group 1 followed by Group 2 donkeys; end-point behaviour being a foot-lift. In Group 1, 72% of tests ended in an end-point behaviour but the response rate was lower in Group 2 (20%), although TNTs were similar [(47.6 ± 3.3) and (47.3 ± 3.0) °C respectively] for responding animals. Rate of heating, ambient temperature and laterality (right or left) did not affect thresholds, but mean TNT was significantly higher in the forelimb (48.5 ± 2.8 °C) than the hind limb (47.4 ± 2.8 °C) (p = 0.012).ConclusionsWhen a thermal probe cut-out temperature of 51 °C was used in TNT testing in the donkey a high proportion of tests did not produce an identifiable end point behaviour. Higher cut-out temperatures damaged the skin. Under these conditions, thermal nociceptive threshold testing appears not be an appropriate analgesiometry technique in the donkey.Clinical relevanceTNT testing under these conditions is not suitable form of analgesiometry for donkeys.     

富贵草耐阴性的研究

为了探讨富贵草的耐阴性，用黑色遮阴网设置了４种光强（全日照，２４．５％、７．５％和２．５％），对其在不同阴蔽条件下的叶生长性状、叶解剖结构、叶绿素含量、光合性能、高生长和生物量指标进行了研究。结果表明，富贵草不适于在全光照下生长，而适于在光强为全日照２４．５％的条件下生活；弱光（７．５％）下也能较正常生长，但生物量比最适光强（２４．５％）降低４８．０３％，极弱光下虽能维持生活，但生物量只及最适光强的３４．０３％。所以，富贵草适于在２５％～８％的光强下种植。     

低温驯化的黑荆树悬浮培养细胞中可溶性蛋白质含量变化*

低温驯化能够诱导黑荆树悬浮培养细胞增强抗冻性，ＬＴ５０从－４．３℃下降到－８．２℃。低温驯化诱可溶性蛋白质含量增加，其增加的时间进程与细胞抗冻性发育呈平行关系。环已亚胺抑制可溶性蛋白质含量增加，同时也抑制细胞抗冻性发育。在低温驯化期不同时间加入环已亚胺抑制抗冻性发育，表明低温驯化１０ｄ后抗浆性发育接近完成。糖对增加驯化细胞中可溶性蛋白质有促进作用，加快增加含量的时间进程，但对最终提高蛋白质含量水平     

毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型的研究

如何确定合理的挖笋量是毛竹林丰产经营的关键问题。本文通过在建瓯设立50块毛竹林标准地，分别建立了毛竹林笋产量预测模型与林分平均胸径预测模型。在此基础上，运用经济阈值的手段对毛竹林生态系统进行研究。提出了毛竹林生态系统经济阈值的概念及研究方法，建立了毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型。并结合实例对毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型的应用给予了说明。本研究不仅丰富了经济阈值的研究内容与应用范畴，而且也为毛竹林的优化经营和丰产培育提供新的依据与技术。